Oral tumors in pets are a delicate topic. Approximately 6% of tumors in dogs and cats occur in the oral cavity. There are many different types of tumors, which are classified as benign or malignant. Benign tumors are locally invasive but are not expected to spread to other body systems. Malignant tumors can metastasize or spread to other body systems. In dogs, up to 40% of oral tumors can be malignant. In cats, up to 90% of oral tumors are malignant.
Oral tumors can affect the gingiva, oral mucosa, tongue, hard palate and bones of the jaw. Oral tumors are seen in all ages, but the incidence of oral tumors generally increases with age.
Common Benign Tumors in Dogs
- Peripheral odontogenic fibroma
- Focal fibrous hyperplasia
- Odontotoma
- Odontogenic cysts
- Ameloblastoma
The Most Common Malignant Tumors in Dogs
- Melanoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Fibrosarcoma
The Most Common Oral Tumors in Cats
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Melanoma
- Odontoma
- Gingival hyperplasia
Diagnosis and Treatment of Oral Tumors in Pets
Biopsy and imaging drive treatment. A biopsy is needed to determine what type of tumor is present. This is essential in developing the most effective treatment plan.
An anesthetized exam with full mouth imaging and biopsy is imperative and the first step towards treatment. Surgical removal of an oral tumor without a biopsy is NOT recommended. Unfortunately, most oral tumors invade bone and without knowledge of the biological activity of the tumor cells, initial surgery is often unsuccessful, leading to persistent tumor cells and the need for repeated treatments.
Full mouth dental radiographs and Cone-Beam CT imaging are imperative to minimize this risk in addition to a biopsy. Additional diagnostics may include thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and lymph node evaluation to evaluate potential spread if a malignant tumor is diagnosed.
cone beam ct machine for 3D scans of oral tumors in pets
Image: Cone beam CT machine, which provides a 3D evaluation of the maxillofacial structures. A detailed understanding of a patient’s anatomical layout leads to optimized treatment strategies.
The most common treatment of oral tumors begins with surgical removal. Additional treatment options for oral tumors in pets include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and a melanoma vaccine, among others. A team-oriented approach with an oncologist or internal medicine specialist may be recommended based on the type of oral tumor present.
We understand that finding an oral tumor can be worrisome, with many emotions involved. We are here to help you navigate this journey and determine the best approach for your companion to live their best life.
Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (07/15/2025) Photo by Barnabas Davoti on Unsplash